Which of the following is considered Level V evidence?

Level V evidence typically refers to a classification in evidence-based practice that includes opinions of experts and anecdotal evidence, which do not involve rigorous scientific methodology or controlled research settings. This level is concerned with expert consensus, clinical experience, and non-research evidence, making it the foundational level of evidence.

When evaluating other levels of evidence, systematic reviews of clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and case-control studies are all considered higher on the evidence hierarchy due to their structured methodologies and reliance on data. These higher levels (like systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials) provide more robust and reliable findings that can support clinical decision-making.

In contrast, Level V evidence acknowledges the importance of clinical experience and expert opinion in situations where higher-quality evidence may not be available, thus highlighting the relevance of practical knowledge in patient care. This is particularly important in clinical practice where individual patient circumstances may not fit into researched categories.