What is a significant cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) because it leads to the development of ischemic heart conditions. In CAD, the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow. This diminished blood supply can result in myocardial ischemia and ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack), where portions of the heart muscle become damaged and can no longer contract effectively.

As a consequence of this damage, the heart's ability to pump blood decreases, which directly contributes to reduced ejection fraction. An ejection fraction of less than 40% is typically indicative of HFrEF, and patients with this condition often exhibit symptoms related to inadequate blood flow and heart function.

Other options, while related to heart failure, do not primarily cause HFrEF in the same direct manner as coronary artery disease does. For example, hypertension can lead to heart failure over time, but it generally causes heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) through left ventricular hypertrophy. Atrial fibrillation is an arrhythmia that can result from heart failure and may exacerbate symptoms but is not a primary cause of