Increased JVP may be caused by which of the following conditions?

Increased jugular venous pressure (JVP) is a significant clinical indicator of volume overload and is most commonly seen in conditions affecting the right side of the heart. Right heart failure occurs when the right ventricle cannot pump blood effectively to the lungs, leading to a backup of blood in the venous system. This backup increases the pressure in the right atrium and the jugular veins, resulting in elevated JVP.

When assessing a patient, a healthcare professional notes the JVP as part of the physical examination. An elevated JVP could indicate fluid overload, which is frequently encountered in right heart failure due to various causes, such as left heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or valvular heart disease. The correlation between right heart function and JVP is an essential assessment in heart failure management, as it helps inform treatment decisions regarding diuretics and other interventions aimed at reducing fluid overload.

The other conditions listed do not typically result in increased JVP in the same way as right heart failure. Hypotension suggests inadequate blood volume or low cardiac output, which is less likely to cause elevated JVP. Pneumothorax primarily affects lung function and does not directly impact venous pressure. Cardiac tamponade can also lead to increased